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Risk and predisposing factors for viral zoonoses abound in the sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) region with significant public health implications. For several decades, there have been several reports on the emergence and re-emergence of arbovirus infections. The lifetime burden of arboviral diseases in developing countries is still poorly understood. Studies indicate significant healthcare disruptions and economic losses attributed to the viruses in resource-poor communities marked by impairment in the performance of daily activities. Arboviruses have reportedly evolved survival strategies to aid their proliferation in favorable niches, further magnifying their public health relevance. However, there is poor knowledge about the viruses in the region. Thus, this review presents a survey of zoonotic arboviruses in SSA, the burden associated with their diseases, management of diseases as well as their prevention and control, mobility and determinants of infections, their vectors, and co-infection with various microorganisms. Lessons learned from the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic coupled with routine surveillance of zoonotic hosts for these viruses will improve our understanding of their evolution, their potential to cause a pandemic, control and prevention measures, and vaccine development.Copyright © GERMS 2022.
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Introduction: Mosquito-borne diseases have historically affected communities, especially in tropical areas where mosquitoes and illnesses are endemic. Globalization, climate change, and increased travel have created ideal conditions for outbreaks of mosquito-borne diseases that could threaten the American health system and place a burden on the national economy, especially in southern states. Methods: The study adopts a quantitative cross-sectional design with a retrospective survey carried out using the Pollfish platform in June 2022. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and hierarchical multiple regression to assess the three hypotheses: (H1) Chikungunya awareness is related to sociodemographic factors;(H2) Wearing long sleeves and pants is related to (a) Chikungunya awareness and (b) information-seeking behaviors, when controlling for sociodemographic variables;(H3) Use of insect repellents is related to (a) Chikungunya awareness and (b) information-seeking behaviors when controlling for sociodemographic variables. Results: The results highlight the relationships between chikungunya's awareness, information-seeking behavior, and willingness to engage in protective behaviors. 45.91% of the participants mentioned not having heard about chikungunya, and 67.07% of respondents had sought information about mosquito-borne illnesses in the past, 55.9% have looked at the U.S. State Department's website for mosquito-borne diseases, 38.32% have visited the U.S. CDC website for information specifically about chikungunya. Conclusions: The results of this study show that most American travelers are unaware of chikungunya and its mode of transmission. Travel could likely introduce the chikungunya virus to the United States. Despite increased health information-seeking behavior among U.S. residents after the Covid19 pandemic, Chikungunya awareness is low.
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In January 2023, a total of 64 infectious diseases were reported globally, affecting 235 countries and regions. Except for influenza, the top five infectious diseases affecting greatest number of countries and regions were COVID-19 (235), monkeypox (110), dengue fever (31), measles (27) and cholera (15). The top five infectious diseases with highest case fatality rates were Nipah virus disease (62.5%), Ebola virus disease (47.0%), Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (37.5%), Lassa fever (15.1%) and West Nile fever (7.6%). The top five infectious diseases with greatest number of deaths were COVID-19, malaria, cholera, measles and dengue fever. The prevalent infectious diseases in Asia were COVID-19, cholera and dengue fever, the prevalent infectious diseases in Africa were COVID-19, cholera, yellow fever, Lassa fever, malaria and monkeypox, the prevalent infectious diseases in America were COVID-19, cholera, monkeypox, dengue fever and chikungunya fever, the prevalent infectious disease in Europe were COVID-19, monkeypox and invasive group A streptococcus infection.
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In December 2022, a total of 68 infectious diseases were reported globally, affecting 235 countries and regions. Except for influenza, the top five infectious diseases affecting greatest number of countries and regions were COVID-19 (235), monkeypox (110), dengue fever (28), measles (27) and cholera (14). The top five infectious diseases with highest case fatality rates were Ebola virus disease (47.0%), Rift Valley fever (44.2%), Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (40.0%), Lassa fever (17.6%) and West Nile fever (7.6%). The top five infectious diseases with greatest number of deaths were COVID-19, malaria, cholera, dengue fever and measles. The prevalent infectious diseases in Asia were COVID-19, cholera and dengue fever, the prevalent infectious diseases in Africa were COVID-19, cholera, yellow fever, Lassa fever, monkeypox, malaria and measles, the prevalent infectious diseases in America were COVID-19, cholera, monkeypox, dengue fever and chikungunya fever, the prevalent infectious disease in Europe were COVID-19, monkeypox and invasive group A streptococcus infection.
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Progress towards rubella elimination has accelerated since 2012, and, in 2020, rubella elimination had been verified in approximately one half the countries of the world. Progress is reflected in increased numbers of countries introducing RCV into national childhood immunization schedules and the coverage achieved. Between 2012 and 2020, the number of countries that introduced RCV increased from 132 to 173, and global coverage increased from 40% to 70%. Although the availability of vaccine increased and more LICs and LMICs have introduced RCV, estimates of coverage continue to reflect barriers to access in lower-income countries. Nevertheless, coverage decreased by only 1 percentage point between 2019 and 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic. Progress is also reflected in the decrease in the number of reported cases, including a 48% decrease during 2012- 2019 and a further decrease in 2020.
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In recent weeks, many Ukrainian refugees have crossed into Hungary, Poland, Moldova, and Romania. The WHO works with these and other nations to increase disease surveillance and provide immunization programs according to their schedules and policies. This article provides a summary of the recommendations provided by WHO to all countries in the region. According to the guidelines, countries must continue to make efforts to ensure that their resident populations, including refugee populations, are fully vaccinated against polio, measles, rubella, COVID-19, and other vaccine-preventable diseases. Vaccination against polio, measles, and rubella must be offered as a priority to incoming refugee children under the age of six who have missed any routine vaccinations Vaccine doses must be recorded and made available to vaccinated individuals.
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This report, which updates previous reports, presents estimates of global, regional, and national vaccination coverage and trends as of 2020. It describes the changes in vaccination coverage and the numbers of unvaccinated and undervaccinated children as measured by receipt of the first and third doses of diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis-containing vaccine (DTP)in 2020, when the COVID-19 pandemic began, compared with 2019. Global coverage estimates with the third dose of DTP (DTP3) and a polio vaccine (Pol3) fell from 86% in 2019 to 83% in 2020. Similarly, MCV1 coverage fell from 86% in 2019 to 84% in 2020. The last year the coverage estimates were at 2020 levels was 2009 for DTP3 and 2014 for both MCV1 and the third dose of Pol (Pol3). Worldwide, 22.7 million children(17% of the target population) did not receive DTP in 2020, compared with 19.0 million (14%) in 2019. Children who did not receive the first DTP dose (DTP1) by age 12 months (zero-dose children) accounted for 95%of the increased number. Among those who did not receive DTP3 in 2020, approximately 17.1 million (75%)were zero-dose children. Global coverage decreased in 2020 compared with 2019 estimates for the completion of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), hepatitis B vaccine (HepB), human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV),and rubella-containing vaccine (RCV). To reach full coverage with all recommended vaccines, tailored strategies will be needed, especially to reach communities with a lot of children who haven't had any or enough vaccines.
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This article provides a brief overview of the 31st meeting of the International TaskForce for Disease Eradication (ITFDE) that was convened at The Carter Center in Atlanta, GA, USA on 20-21 October 2020 to discuss "The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on eradication and elimination programmes and the way forward." It highlights the results of 7 eradication programmes, with specific conclusions and recommendations for each: Guinea Worm Eradication Programme(dracunculiasis;GWEP);Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI);elimination programmes for measles and rubella (MR), malaria, river blindness (onchocerciasis;RB), and lymphatic filariasis (LF);and the program for the Global Elimination of Trachoma.
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In March 2022, a total of 63 infectious diseases were reported globally, affecting 230 countries and regions. Except for influenza, the top five infectious diseases affecting greatest number of countries and regions were COVID-19 (230), dengue fever (32), measles (29), chikungunya fever (10) and cholera (9). The top five infectious diseases with highest case fatality rates were Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (33.3%), Rift Valley fever (20.0%), Lassa fever (18.6%), yellow fever (11.3%) and monkeypox (5.5%). The top five infectious diseases with greatest number of deaths were COVID-19, malaria, measles, cholera and Lassa fever. The prevalent infectious diseases in Asia were COVID-19 and dengue fever, the prevalent infectious diseases in Africa were COVID-19, cholera, yellow fever, Lassa fever, malaria, measles and poliomyelitis, the prevalent infectious diseases in America were COVID-19, dengue fever and chikungunya fever, the prevalent infectious disease in Europe was COVID-19.
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Aim & objective: Study of incidence of malaria, Dengue and Chikungunya fevers among febrile patients visiting tertiary care hospital (King George hospital) in Visakhapatnam. Method: The study is conducted in-patients visiting King George Hospital, which is a Government General Hospital located in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India. The hospital with 1237 beds serving the needs of north coastal Andhra Pradesh and adjacent Orissa for more than 150 years. Patients presenting to the health centre with some signs and symptoms compatible with the diagnosis of malaria, dengue and chikungunya (fever which can be recent or in evidence during the previous 2-4 days or/and other symptoms of febrile diseases such as chills, headache, joint, muscle and body pains).100 febrile patients shall be selected randomly at the age group of 13-60 years Patients shall also be selected on the basis of febrile and other symptoms such as chills, headache, joint, and muscle and body pains. Results and Conclusion: Age wise Distribution of Malaria, Dengue and Chikungunya, number of patients n=100 were taken, total n=72 patients were positive for Malaria, n=24 patients were positive for Dengue and n=4 patients were Chikungunya. With the Mean of 10.6 and Standard Deviation are 6.1. From the age group of "36 to 50"years n=28 number of patients positive for both males and females, form this total n=12 positive for malaria with the percentage of 16.6% and Females were n=16 with the percentage of 22.2%. From the age group "51 to 65"years n=8 number of patients positive for malaria in both males and females, from this total the male patients were n=4 positive for malaria with the percentage of 5.6%. The age wise description of Dengue a total "n=24"number of patients are positive for Dengue in both males and females. From the total n=16 number of male patients which are positive for Dengue with the percentage of 66.6% with the Mean of 5.3 and Standard Deviation is 4.7.females were n=8 number of patients with the percentage of 33.3% and in the Mean of 11.1 with Standard Deviation is 2.4. The age wise description of Chikungunya fever of different age groups a total "n=4"number of patients are positive for Chikungunya fever in both males and females. From the total n=02 number of male patients which are positive for malaria with the percentage of 50% with the Mean of 0.6 and Standard Deviation is 0.5 females were n=02 number of patients with the percentage of 50% and in the Mean of 0.6 and Standard Deviation is 0.5. Chikungunya fever in both males and females, from the total male patients were n=0 positive for Chikungunya fever and females were n=1 number of patients positive for Chikungunya with the percentage of 25%. The maximum peaks are observed equally in the age of 36 to 50 years age group. The Month wise Description of Malaria, Dengue and Chikungunya positive patients from the month of April 2017 to month of October 2017. To identify the seasonal variation of the disease, analysis of the data on monthly basis was done.
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Introduction: Indonesia reported the first case of COVID-19, the coverage of routine immunization to prevent diseases in children such as measles, rubella, and diphtheria is decreasing. For example, diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus (DPT3) and measles and rubella (MR1) immunization coverage rates were reduced by more than 35% in May 2020 compared to the same time period in the previous year.
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In January 2022, a total of 68 infectious diseases were reported globally, affecting 228 countries and regions. Except for influenza, the top five infectious diseases affecting greatest number of countries and regions were corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19, 228), dengue fever (26), measles (19), cholera (12) and leptospirosis (10). The top five infectious diseases with highest case fatality rates were Rift Valley fever (100.0%), Lassa fever (19.0%), yellow fever (15.5%), plague (7.5%) and West Nile fever (7.1%). The top five infectious diseases with greatest number of deaths were COVID-19, malaria, measles, Lassa fever and cholera. The prevalent infectious diseases in Asia were COVID-19 and dengue fever, the prevalent infectious diseases in Africa were COVID-19, cholera, yellow fever, Lassa fever, malaria and measles, the prevalent infectious diseases in America were COVID-19, dengue fever and chikungunya fever, the prevalent infectious disease in Europe was COVID-19.
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Siddha System of Medicine practiced in South part of Indian constituency. It is one of the ancient Traditional systems of India, mostly followed by Tamil peoples. Adhi Sivan and 18 Siddhar's are the founders of Siddha system of medicine. Traditional systems are highly focused worldwide after covid 19 pandemic situations. In Tamil Nadu which is southern state of India Siddha system of medicine highly prescribed during Chikungunya and Dengue spread. More peoples are benefited through the system. In India, Ministry of AYUSH, focusing on traditional Indian system of medicines for the treatment of Covid 19. Siddha Medicine is one among the AYUSH system. In this situation author wish to explore the details of Siddha medicine in the way of what is Siddha? Who are Qualified Siddha Doctor and Pattern of Study etc.... This review is helpful to the scientific world to know, who is Registered Siddha Medical practitioner and many details about Siddha System of Medicine.
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In December 2021, a total of 64 infectious diseases were reported globally, affecting 228 countries and regions. Except for influenza, the top five infectious diseases affecting greatest number of countries and regions were corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19, 228), measles (29), dengue fever (28), cholera (12) and chikungunya fever (9). The top five infectious diseases with highest case fatality rates were Ebola virus disease (81.8%), Middle East respiratory syndrome (34.4%), yellow fever (22.0%), Lassa fever (20.0%) and plague (10.8%). The top five infectious diseases with greatest number of deaths were COVID-19, malaria, measles, dengue fever and cholera. The prevalent infectious diseases in Asia were COVID-19 and dengue fever, the prevalent infectious diseases in Africa were COVID-19, cholera, yellow fever, plague, Lassa fever, poliomyelitis, malaria and measles, the prevalent infectious diseases in America were COVID-19, dengue fever, chikungunya fever and Zika virus disease, the prevalent infectious disease in Europe was COVID-19.
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In November 2021, a total of 65 infectious diseases were reported globally, affecting 226 countries and regions. Except for influenza, the top five infectious diseases affecting greatest number of countries and regions were Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19, 226), dengue fever (31), measles (21), poliomyelitis (11) and cholera (10). The top five infectious diseases with highest case fatality rates were Ebola virus disease (81.8%), Lassa fever (18.6%), yellow fever (15.3%), meningitis (7.9%) and plague (7.6%). The top five infectious diseases with greatest number of deaths were COVID-19, malaria, cholera, dengue fever and yellow fever. The prevalent infectious diseases in Asia were COVID-19 and dengue fever, the prevalent infectious diseases in Africa were COVID-19, Ebola virus disease, cholera, yellow fever, Lassa fever, poliomyelitis, malaria and measles, the prevalent infectious diseases in America were COVID-19, dengue fever, chikungunya fever and Zika virus disease, the prevalent infectious disease in Europe were COVID-19 and West Nile fever.
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In October 2021, a total of 60 infectious diseases were reported globally, affecting 226 countries and regions. Except for influenza, the top five infectious diseases affecting greatest number of countries and regions were corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19, 226), dengue fever (24), measles (24), cholera (10) and malaria (9). The top five infectious diseases with highest case fatality rates were Ebola virus disease (75.0%), Lassa fever (19.7%), meningitis (8.5%), plague (7.6%) and West Nile fever (5.7%). The top five infectious diseases with greatest number of deaths were COVID-19, malaria, cholera, dengue fever and meningitis. The prevalent infectious diseases in Asia were COVID-19 and dengue fever, the prevalent infectious diseases in Africa were COVID-19, Ebola virus disease, cholera, yellow fever, lassa fever, poliomyelitis, malaria and measles, the prevalent infectious diseases in America were COVID-19, dengue fever, chikungunya fever and Zika virus disease, the prevalent infectious disease in Europe were COVID-19 and West Nile fever.
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In October 2021 (from 00: 00, 1 October to 24: 00, 31 October), a total of 523 006 cases of notifiable communicable diseases, including 2 040 deaths, were reported in China (except Hong Kong, Macao Special Administrative Regions and Taiwan Province, the same below). In communicable diseases in class A, 2 cases of cholera were reported without death. In communicable diseases in class B, no cases and no deaths of severe acute respiratory syndrome, poliomyelitis, human infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, diphtheria and human infection with avian influenza A (H7N9) virus were reported. For the remaining 22 communicable diseases in class B, 249 605 cases were reported, a decrease of 8% compared with last month (272 332 cases) and a decrease of 3% compared with the same period in 2020 (258 591 cases). The first 5 diseases in terms of reported case number were viral hepatitis, pulmonary tuberculosis, syphilis, gonorrhea and AIDS, accounting for 95% of the total reported cases in class B. A total of 2 039 deaths were reported, a decrease of 6% (133 deaths) compared with last month (2 172 deaths) and an increase of 17% compared with the same period in 2020 (1 737 deaths). According to the website of the National Health Commission of China, a total of 1 081 confirmed COVID-19 cases were reported, without death, by 31 provinces (municipalities, autonomous regions) and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps from 00: 00, 1 October to 24: 00, 31 October, 2021. In class C communicable diseases, a total of 273 399 cases were reported, an increase of 20% compared with last month (228 597 cases) and a decrease of 13% compared with the same period in 2020 (315 366 cases). The first 3 diseases in terms of reported case number were hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD), other infectious diarrhea and influenza, accounting for 95% of the total reported cases in class C. Compared with last month, except filariasis which had no incidences in both months, the diseases with reported cases increases were HFMD (45 435 cases, 52%), influenza (17 811 cases, 50%) and rubella (11 cases, 12%), but the reported cases of other diseases all decreased, the diseases with obvious case decreases were other infectious diarrhea (16 519 cases, 18%), mumps (1 490 cases, 12%) and acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (327 cases, 14%). Compared with the same period in 2020, except filariasis which had no incidences in both years, the diseases with reported case increases were influenza (33 177 cases, 164%), typhus fever (15 cases, 9%), rubella (8 cases, 9%) and leprosy (3 cases, 17%), but the diseases with reported case decreases were HFMD (65 002 cases, 33%), other infectious diarrhea (4 111 cases, 5%) and mumps (1 574 cases, 12%). One death caused by class C communicable diseases was reported, an increase of 1 death compared with last month and a decrease of 1 death compared with the same period in 2020 (2 deaths).
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In September 2021, a total of 63 infectious diseases were reported globally, affecting 226 countries and regions. Except for influenza, the top five infectious diseases affecting greatest number of countries and regions were Corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19, 226), dengue fever (28), measles (26), West Nile fever (10) and cholera (9). The top five infectious diseases with highest case fatality rates were Nipah virus disease (100.0%), Middle East respiratory syndrome (34.4%), Lassa fever (20.3%), plague (20.0%) and meningitis (15.8%). The top five infectious diseases with greatest number of deaths were COVID-19, malaria, cholera, meningitis and dengue fever. The prevalent infectious diseases in Asia were COVID-19 and dengue fever, the prevalent infectious diseases in Africa were COVID-19, cholera, plague, yellow fever, Lassa fever, poliomyelitis, malaria and measles, the prevalent infectious diseases in America were COVID-19, dengue fever and chikungunya fever, the prevalent infectious disease in Europe were COVID-19 and West Nile fever.
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In August 2021, a total of 69 infectious diseases were reported globally, affecting 225 countries and regions. Except for influenza, the top five infectious diseases affecting greatest number of countries and regions were COVID-19 (225), dengue fever (27), measles (21), chikungunya fever (10) and cholera (8). The top five infectious diseases with highest case fatality rates were Marburg virus disease (100.0%), Middle East respiratory syndrome (34.4%), plague (23.3%), Lassa fever (20.5%) and yellow fever (16.7%). The top five infectious diseases with greatest number of deaths were COVID-19, malaria, measles, cholera and dengue fever. The prevalent infectious diseases in Asia were COVID-19 and dengue fever, the prevalent infectious diseases in Africa were COVID-19, Ebola virus disease, Marburg virus disease, cholera, plague, yellow fever, Lassa fever, poliomyelitis, malaria and measles, the prevalent infectious diseases in America were COVID-19, dengue fever and chikungunya fever, the prevalent infectious disease in Europe were COVID-19 and West Nile fever.